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Highland cattle milk11/10/2023 The protozoa also vary greatly in ruminants in terms of abundance or diversity, but their presence or absence is not greatly impactful to the host as a great amount of their products can also be synthesized by other groups of the gut microbiota. Ciliate protozoa account for 50% of microbial community of the cow gut. Microbes work alongside the host to provide them with their metabolic products. The composition of the rumen microbiota has been widely studied previously across various regions of the globe for various reasons. Furthermore, as previously demonstrated by a relationship between microbiome components and residual feed intake, the composition of these various types of microbes influences the productive efficiency. They enable the ruminants to provide food to people. Physiologists and nutritionists are also aware of the rumen's critical role in the digestion of fibrous feed and the provision of the host animals' nutritional requirements. The most convoluted microbial communities which inhabit the rumen have triggered the microbiologists' curiosity. The ruminants especially dairy cows are dependendent on the microbial metabolites for the production of economically important products such as milk. The rumen microbiome is critical for the host animal's nutrition, by providing essential nutrients by fermentation of feed, which on ruminant growth in number of ways. These microbiota are capable of degrading indigestible plant fibre of the host. The cow's rumen houses ancestrally diverse community of anaerobic bacteria, viruses, ciliated protozoa, fungi, and methanogenic archaea. The gut microbiota of cow and its abundance are associated with a wide range of activities and functions such as fermentation of feed, fatty acid formation, methane production, nitrogen emissions, and cellulose digestion. However, it was observed that highland dairy cattle produced 45 litters of milk on average in comparison to coastal region dairy cows. The average daily production by local farmers in Indonesia ranges from 4 to 6 litters a day while the Holstein cow production varies 16-20 litters a day which is much lower than its potential. Indonesian dairy industry production remains at 1,800 tonnes of milk a day in 2022 which only provides 5% of the country demand. The identified targets can be used as prebiotic and/or probiotic to improve the average milk yield of coastal region dairy cattle by manipulating the dairy feed with desired microbes. To identify the role in pathways, an mPATH analysis was performed to have insight into the microbiota community in different metabolic pathways. Furthermore, a collective physiology of the community was found by annotating the sequences against KEGG, eggNOG, and CAZy databases. The results show Bacteroidetes in higher abundance in coastal region (FPP) than in highland (Salatiga) while Firmicutes were higher in Salatiga. The application of recent advance technologies can help achieve this goal on sustainable basis. Unfavorable environmental conditions such as type of forage grass in coastal regions and high temperature remain a limiting factor however, the improvement through manipulating the gut microbiota was not considered until recently to improve the quality and quantity of coastal region dairy cattle. The present study was the first of its kind to explore the dairy cattle gut microbiota diversity, abundance, and functional annotation of the two divergent Indonesian regions, the highland and coastal regions, by shotgun metagenomic approach. The recent studies indicate a possibility of improving the milk yield and quality by manipulating the gut microbiota, for which profiling and abundance of gut microbiota in these divergent regions need to be addressed. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the species has been exported worldwide, primarily to North America and Australia.There is significant difference in milk production of highland and coastal regions in Indonesia of which the latter is critically low. Nowadays, however, the difference between these two types has disappeared because of crossbreeding. These animals were dun or red in color and larger due to pastures, providing them with the required nutrients. According to the book, the other type was mainland cattle. The West Highland cattle were relatively smaller with black coats and long hair, as a result of living in harsher conditions. It says that one was the West Highland, or Kyloe, brought from the Western Isles. These two types are described in the herd book, written in 1885. The species was formed in the Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland out of 2 types of cattle, which are now extinct. The first written references to the Highland cattle date back to the 12th century AD. As it comes to the Highland cattle, the species has quite a long history, beginning with the 6th century AD. Originally, cattle were introduced to Britain by farmers during the Neolithic.
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